In their response to the 2025 EC-OECD STIP survey, countries described their main policy debates around government support to research and innovation for society (see Annex A for the raw data). The following debates figured prominently in country responses:
Figure 1 displays the number of policies for each theme within the research and innovation for society policy area. The theme with the largest number of reported initiatives is Science, technology and innovation culture, including awareness campaigns (e.g. mass-media communications, open days and big events), initiatives promoting participatory learning techniques, major revisions of educational curricula and innovation prizes and contests. After this theme comes Research and innovation for society strategy, which gathers national agendas seeking to improve societal wellbeing and cohesion, and Ethics of emerging technologies, which help ensure that technology development aligns with societal values and goals. The Multi-stakeholder engagement theme includes initiatives aimed at orienting research and innovation activities towards societal issues and ensuring that their benefits are broadly shared across society
The largest numbers of initiatives in this policy area are targeted towards Public research institutes (Figure 2), aiming to support their efforts in addressing societal challenges. Initiatives targeted at Higher education institutes also aim to incite them to contribute towards these challenges. Many initiatives aim to benefit Civil society as a whole, and thus, this target group displays a relatively high number of initiatives in the Figure compared to other policy areas. A large number of initiatives target Established researchers, Postdocs and other early-career researchers and PhD students. The National government also displays a large number of policy initiatives, related to a high number of strategies, agendas and plans reported in this policy area. Policies also frequently engage Firms,, i.e. seeking to involve the business sector in addressing societal challenges.
Figure 3 presents how frequently different policy instruments are used in policies reported under the Research and innovation for society policy area. Countries primarily use Strategies, agendas and plans as a governance instrument that structures and aligns activities of public bodies and other policy actions in addressing societal challenges, e.g. through priority setting. Many of these strategies involve international cooperation (see keywords). Public awareness campaigns are highly cited in this policy area, compared to others. Several policies reported under the Science, technology and innovation culture theme (Figure 1) use this instrument. Besides these two instruments, the remainder of Figure 3 depicts a "long tail", i.e. a wide variety of instruments used less frequently. Project grants for public research and Networking and collaborative platforms address emerging technologies and societal challenges such as food and climate change (see keywords).
The largest number of policies reporting budget information falls under the Less than 1M EUR range (Figure 4). These small scale initiatives, varying in nature, tend to promote societal awareness and appreciation of science, technology and innovation (STI) that address civil society as a whole. Many of them use public awareness campaigns and prizes and awards, as described above. Several initiatives between 1M and 20M EUR are more specifically targeted to STI actors as opposed to civil society. They aim to support STI activities promising significant contributions to social well-being (see "living standards", "climate change", "resilience" and other keywords). Policy initiatives within the 100M-500M and More than 500M EUR budget ranges include several large scale research funding programmes that aim to have large societal impacts (see keywords).
Figure 5 shows that Germany has reported the largest number of initiatives in this policy area, followed by Portugal, Türkiye and the European Union. The chart shows only the number of policy initiatives reported by countries and gives no indication of their scale or scope. The figure should therefore be interpreted with care. Clicking on a given bar in the chart will bring you to the corresponding country dashboard for Research and innovation for society policies.
Table 1 contains the answers provided by countries (and other entities) to the following question: Policy debates for Research and innovation for society You may use the table's search box to filter the data by country or keyword. You may also dowload the data in Excel format.
Table 1. Policy debates in the Research and innovation for society policy area
| Country | Response |
|---|---|
| Argentina | The National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation 2030 has explicitly identified strategic socio-productive missions that align with national development goals. These missions focus on addressing key social needs, including health, food security, and digital inclusion. This alignment ensures that public research agendas and funding instruments are effectively reoriented to meet these critical societal challenges. Discussions among government agencies, academia, and civil society are essential in shaping these agendas. By collaborating, these entities can ensure that the strategies implemented are comprehensive and cater to the diverse needs of society. |
| Armenia | In Armenia, there is a growing emphasis on aligning research and innovation with key societal challenges such as security, economic growth, education, and social inclusivity. Policymakers are increasingly focused on integrating these critical issues into the national science, technology, and innovation (STI) strategies. They highlight the importance of interdisciplinary research and the engagement of various stakeholders in promoting innovation that benefits the public. Furthermore, there is a recognition of the need for innovative funding approaches and new evaluation criteria to support this strategic shift. This acknowledgment underscores the commitment to adapting the framework of STI policies to better address the dynamic and diverse needs of society. |
| Australia | Australia's National Science Statement articulates the government's vision for science, highlighting that through science and innovation, the nation will develop new industries that drive a dynamic economy, provide well-paid jobs, improve quality of life, preserve the unique environment, and foster a future made in Australia. Accompanying this statement, the Australian Government's National Science and Research Priorities set out five key areas that underscore the essential science and research collaborations needed to tackle Australia's significant challenges. These five key areas include: 1. Transitioning to a net zero future – focusing on clean energy, emissions reduction, and sustainable technologies. 2. Supporting healthy and thriving communities – promoting public health, wellbeing, and social resilience. 3. Elevating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander knowledge systems – recognising and integrating First Nations science and cultural knowledge. 4. Protecting and restoring Australia’s environment – addressing biodiversity, climate adaptation, and ecological sustainability. 5. Building a secure and resilient nation – enhancing national security, disaster preparedness, and technological sovereignty These priorities aim to align research investments and collaborations across government, industry, and academia to deliver long-term national benefits. Further developments in policy debates on how research and innovation can address societal challenges include the 2025 Strategic Examination of Research and Development. This public discussion paper emphasises a stronger role for missions or targeting societal challenges through R&D. It also points out that patient capital investment is crucial as it enables researchers, entrepreneurs, and businesses to explore their own ideas. This approach leads to diverse and unexpected breakthroughs that can enhance innovation and tackle various societal challenges. Additionally, the Australian Research Council is conducting a policy review of its National Competitive Grants Program (NCGP). An open discussion paper released in April 2025 proposed an overarching purpose statement for the NCGP. The purpose statement highlights the role of the NCGP in supporting collaborative early-stage research, which produces new knowledge, understandings, ideas, and solutions that sustain a vibrant research-innovation ecosystem. This research delivers cultural, economic, environmental, and societal benefits for Australia. There is also a noticeable policy shift in Australia that positions digital transformation and service delivery as key enablers of trust in government. This is particularly relevant in the context of rapid technological change, demographic diversity, and increasing demand for inclusive and user-centric services. The Digital Experience Policy (DX Policy) and its supporting standards provide a framework for this shift, emphasising accessibility, interoperability, inclusion, and performance. These standards are not merely technical requirements but are crucial levers for driving broader social outcomes, such as equity in access to government services for people with disabilities, First Nations Australians, culturally and linguistically diverse communities, and those in regional and remote locations. Emerging discussions are increasingly focused on how innovative policy can sustain this inclusive approach at scale. This involves embedding co-design with communities, harnessing data for social insight, and ensuring that investments in digital uplift support ethical and transparent technology use. These debates align directly with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly SDG 10 (reduced inequalities), SDG 16 (peace, justice and strong institutions), and SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure). In addition, the Australian Government Department of Parliamentary Services' publication on 'Citizens' engagement in policymaking and the design of public services' recognises that genuine co-creation demands cultural shifts within public institutions and enhanced citizen engagement. It positions the public not merely as recipients of services but as active contributors to policy and innovation processes. |
| Austria | To effectively address the challenges outlined by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Research, Technology, and Innovation (RTI) policies must significantly contribute to comprehensive ecological, economic, and societal transformations. The RTI Strategy 2030 and the RTI Pacts are pivotal in this endeavour, prioritising "RTI for the achievement of climate targets" and "supporting the twin transition" as key action areas. Additionally, sectoral strategies and action plans for sustainable development now integrate RTI measures, demonstrating a commitment to these goals. A notable instance of this commitment is the federal Circular Economy Strategy, adopted in December 2022, which aligns with sustainable development principles. Approximately 50% of national RTI project funding for applied research is allocated to support the twin transition, underscoring the strategic focus on sustainability. Furthermore, the Austrian Research Promotion Agency has implemented a system to monitor each funded project's contribution to the SDGs, ensuring that investments align with broader sustainability objectives. On a broader scale, Austria's contributions to the European Green Deal and the EU Missions in Horizon Europe highlight its proactive engagement in continental efforts to meet ecological and economic challenges. This alignment between national and European initiatives facilitates coherent and effective strategies for achieving the SDGs through innovation and research. |
| Belgium - Brussels Capital | In the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR), policy discussions on research and innovation (R&I) increasingly emphasise addressing societal challenges as a core objective of the innovation system. The latest regional strategy frames R&I as a driver for social and ecological transitions, directly contributing to sustainability, quality jobs, and citizens’ well-being. This marks a clear shift from purely economic considerations toward a mission-oriented approach aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Priority areas for R&I have been defined around six key societal challenges—including climate change and energy transition, circular resource use, sustainable mobility, healthy food and public health, and social inclusion—which now guide the region’s innovation agenda. To operationalise this vision, Brussels is integrating these sustainability goals into its STI programmes and adopting collaborative, mission-driven initiatives. Likewise, regional innovation funding is increasingly structured around thematic priorities linked to societal needs—for instance, targeted calls for projects on climate-resilient infrastructure and optimal resource use—thereby aligning research agendas with concrete SDG outcomes. These efforts encourage cross-sector collaboration and leverage European partnerships to amplify impact on challenges such as decarbonisation and the circular economy. Another key debate is how to ensure the R&I ecosystem itself evolves to support this challenge-driven agenda. Policymakers stress the importance of quadruple-helix engagement and co-creation—involving universities, industry, public authorities, and citizens—to generate inclusive, socially relevant innovations. An ambitious vision is taking shape around responsible, open, and inclusive innovation processes that co-create solutions with end-users and civil society as active partners, and ensure research outcomes are widely valorised for the benefit of the Brussels economy and society. The region is also promoting open science practices, strengthening ethical frameworks, and exploring regulatory sandboxes to test innovative solutions under real-world conditions. Integrating the SDGs into STI policy means that evaluation and funding criteria increasingly value societal and environmental impact, not just scientific excellence or economic return. Finally, there is recognition that achieving these ambitious goals will require sustained investment and adaptive governance. Innoviris, the Brussels R&I agency, advocates to grant its innovation agency greater flexibility in decision-making, ensuring that science, technology, and innovation policy can more effectively drive the region’s sustainability transitions. Finally, there is broad consensus on better integrating social innovation and public-sector innovation into the mainstream policy mix. This includes support for scaling up social innovations (ensuring viable projects can sustain and spread via grants, loans, or equity) and initiatives to spur innovation in government services (such as innovative public procurement pilots), so that public and community-driven innovations receive appropriate support alongside private-sector tech innovation. As Brussels evaluates its current Regional Innovation Plan (2021–2027), these emerging debates and evolving visions will inform its forthcoming strategy (2028–2035), keeping the region at the forefront of inclusive, mission-driven innovation. |
| Belgium - Federal government | All levels of government in Belgium, including federal and regional, are dedicated to fulfilling the UN’s Agenda 2030, each within their own scope of competencies. The federal government has taken significant steps in this direction, having approved a new Federal Sustainable Development Plan in 2021. This plan includes nearly 240 measures aimed at promoting sustainable development across various sectors. Since 2021, every member of the federal government is required to annually present their contributions towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in their general policy notes. Furthermore, the federal government hosts the annual SDG Forum, an event that attracts over 600 participants from diverse sectors including society, the private sector, academia, and government authorities. This forum serves as a critical platform for dialogue and collaboration on sustainable development issues. In addition to these initiatives, the federal government financially supports the development of specific projects and provides structural backing to two consultation platforms for societal organisations. By adopting the "Leaving No One Behind" principle, the federal government integrates inclusivity into a wide array of policy areas, ensuring that the transition towards sustainable development is equitable and comprehensive. |
| Belgium - Flanders | While policy documents may not explicitly refer to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), current debates extend beyond merely ensuring productivity growth. They focus on addressing broader societal challenges and the role of Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy in shaping solutions. This discussion aligns with the emphasis on research funding for impact, adapting STI systems to transformative goals, and integrating sustainability into innovation policies. The emphasis is on leveraging STI to tackle challenges such as climate change, demographic shifts, and strategic autonomy. These issues are highlighted in the Analysis of the Flemish Research, Development, and Innovation system and expenditure assessment of the 'Flemish policy regarding productivity', various policy notes of the Flemish government, and the Flemish Productivity Agenda. In Flanders, the government is addressing societal challenges through STI policy by investing in sectors such as sustainable energy, biotechnology, and digital technologies. Efforts are also being made to enhance strategic independence in crucial areas such as semiconductors and defence. Furthermore, the government supports EU initiatives like the NZIA and CRMA as leverage for Flemish policy and promotes strategic autonomy through diversified local production chains. Bilateral collaborations with neighbouring regions and countries focus on areas such as healthcare, energy, and cybersecurity. |
| Belgium - Wallonia | In Wallonia, STI policy debates increasingly focus on how innovation can address societal challenges such as climate action, biodiversity, industrial resilience, and digital inclusion. A key aspect of this approach is the integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into research and innovation (R&I) funding schemes and strategic platforms. Since 2022, there has been a noticeable shift in regionally-funded programmes that explicitly connect innovation with SDG targets, although there is ongoing discussion about enhancing coordination mechanisms and impact evaluation. The Digital Wallonia 4 Circular programme, launched in May 2022, utilises digital technologies to promote the circular economy, encompassing the entire materials lifecycle from design to recycling. It features thematic calls such as Explore IT4Circularity, Implement IT4Circularity, and Develop IT4Circularity, which fund proofs of concept (PoCs) and R&D in digital circular solutions. A second call for Implement IT4Circularity was issued in mid-2023, offering €75,000 grants that cover up to 70% of project costs, to deploy live demonstrators in sectors like construction, energy, and water within Wallonia. This initiative strongly aligns with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities & Communities). The broader Giga Région programme under Digital Wallonia, running from 2019 to 2024, addresses connectivity challenges essential for equitable access. With an investment of €280 million, it supports the rollout of last-mile broadband, 5G PoCs, and digital training to bridge rural divides. This reflects an SDG-aligned approach, particularly targeting SDG 9 (connectivity/infrastructure), SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and SDG 4 (Quality Education). Between 2022 and 2024, the SPW engaged over 1,000 actors and allocated €7 million to 19 Strategic Innovation Initiatives (Initiatives d’Innovation Stratégiques, IIS), covering areas like AI (Trail4Wallonia), cybersecurity (CyberWal), hydrogen (e-WallonHY), sustainable renovation, and smart manufacturing (MadeinWallonia). These initiatives align with SDGs 7 (Affordable & Clean Energy), 9 (Innovation), 11, and 12 (sustainable industries). Launched in 2023, the Win4Excellence Funding programme provides almost €28.4 million—€12.5 million from the Recovery Plan—for ambitious research in universities and approved research centres. The initiative aims to foster long-term excellence in areas that underpin societal and sustainable impact, corresponding with SDGs 3, 7, and 13. Despite these clear policy efforts towards SDG-aligned innovation, debates continue on several fronts: - Cross-cutting governance: Many stakeholders call for improved coordination across these programmes to prevent siloed approaches. - Monitoring & evaluation: There is a demand for measurable SDG-linked KPIs and transparent impact assessments. - Societal engagement: There is an increasing call to involve civil society in steering R&I agendas, ensuring coherence with SDG 16 (Partnerships for Goals) and SDG 10. |
| Belgium - Wallonia-Brussels Federation | At present, negotiations are underway concerning a project to reform fiscal measures that support research and innovation (R&I). This initiative is crucial as it aims to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of funding mechanisms in fostering societal advancements through scientific research. The Superior Council for Scientific Integrity (SCSI) in the Wallonia - Brussels Federation has recently been inaugurated. Positioned as the ultimate reference body for universities and research centres, the SCSI strives to restore confidence across all scientific disciplines, both exact and human sciences. The council is structured into two main committees: an advisory committee and a supervisory committee. These committees play pivotal roles in maintaining the integrity and reliability of scientific research, which is fundamental in addressing societal challenges. Furthermore, the FWB has initiated funding appeals to raise awareness of STEAM subjects, particularly among young people. These initiatives have been formalised in the 2024 decree on research funding, reflecting a strategic approach to cultivating a future generation equipped with necessary scientific knowledge and skills. |
| Brazil | The primary policy debates concerning national research and innovation policy in addressing societal challenges focus on the establishment of mission-oriented policies and the governance of the national innovation system. Efforts are being made to incorporate the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into STI policy design and implementation by progressively aligning STI policies, strategies, and plans. The National Economic and Social Development Strategy specifically aims to tackle the SDGs. The transition from fossil fuel-based energy systems to low-carbon, renewable energy systems requires a renewed focus on adopting sustainable solutions. While relevant and sustainable technological solutions already exist, their implementation is often hindered by institutional rules, political choices, and socio-cultural attitudes. Overcoming these barriers necessitates co-financing agreements and approaches that promote broad stakeholder involvement, including municipalities, businesses, academia, and civil society. |
| Bulgaria | Current policy debates around research and innovation (R&I) are increasingly focused on how science, technology, and innovation can be more effectively harnessed to address pressing societal challenges. Across Europe and globally, there is a growing push to move beyond purely academic or economic objectives and to align R&I policy with long-term public needs—particularly in areas such as climate change, public health, energy transition, and social inclusion. This shift is driving the adoption of mission-oriented and challenge-driven approaches, where research programs are structured around solving specific societal problems rather than advancing knowledge in isolation. A central part of these discussions is the role of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Policymakers are debating how best to incorporate the SDGs into the design and implementation of science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy. This includes aligning national research priorities with the global sustainability agenda, developing new indicators to assess societal impact, and encouraging interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral research that reflects the complex nature of today’s challenges. Increasingly, there is recognition that innovation must serve broader societal and environmental goals—not just economic competitiveness. Another key debate concerns the role of society in shaping the research and innovation agenda. There is growing interest in co-creation and public engagement, with calls to involve citizens, civil society, and end-users in the design of research projects to ensure they are relevant, inclusive, and transparent. This reflects a wider shift toward making innovation more democratic and responsive. At the same time, governments and institutions are grappling with how to balance support for scientific excellence with the need for tangible societal impact. This is prompting discussions on reforming research assessment criteria, funding mechanisms, and academic incentives to value real-world outcomes alongside traditional scientific outputs. In Bulgaria, these themes are increasingly reflected in recent policy reforms. The Law on the Promotion of Scientific Research and Innovation and the Programme for Research, Innovation, and Digitisation for Smart Specialisation emphasize societal relevance and sustainability. While references to the SDGs are still relatively limited and not yet systematically embedded in STI planning and evaluation, there is growing awareness of the need to align national efforts with global sustainability goals. The debate now is how to turn this awareness into concrete frameworks and coordinated action that ensure research and innovation contribute meaningfully to addressing the country’s—and the world’s—most urgent challenges. |
| Canada | In Canada, recent debates on the role of science and research in addressing societal challenges have emphasized sustainable economic growth, climate action, and diversity and equity. The 2022 to 2026 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, developed under a strengthened Federal Sustainable Development Act, adopts a whole-of-government approach. It integrates Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), targets, milestones, and implementation strategies from 101 federal organizations. This strategy aligns with the Canadian Indicator Framework for the SDGs, the Quality of Life Framework, and the Gender Results Framework, using scientific data, such as the Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators, to provide context on Canada's environmental state and to help measure progress. In 2023, Canada introduced its first National Adaptation Strategy, envisioning a climate-resilient nation. This strategy aims to mitigate climate-related disasters, enhance health outcomes, protect nature and biodiversity, and build resilient infrastructure, while supporting a robust economy and workforce. It underscores the necessity of whole-of-society action, assigning explicit roles to academic institutions, researchers, scientists, and non-governmental organizations in knowledge generation and dissemination. These efforts collectively strengthen societal resilience by applying innovation and research to practical climate adaptation challenges, fostering informed decision-making and inclusive, sustainable solutions. An evergreen monitoring and evaluation framework within the strategy ensures alignment with the Canadian Indicator Framework for the SDGs and tracks progress. Furthermore, Canada's engagement in international STI policy discussions, particularly with the Global South, is facilitated through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). IDRC's Strategy 2030, which aligns its research programming with the SDGs, focuses on climate change and inequality. It integrates gender equality (SDG 5) and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) across its programming, guiding its strategic direction. IDRC supports researchers in low- and middle-income countries to develop local solutions for global challenges, enhancing the contribution of research evidence in national, regional, and global STI policy debates. Initiatives like Artificial Intelligence for Development are boosting AI research capacity in Africa and Asia, supporting policy research for responsible AI frameworks, and promoting AI applications in pandemic preparedness and maternal health in Southern contexts. IDRC's Science Granting Councils Initiative is enhancing national innovation capacity by supporting national science councils in sub-Saharan Africa, crucial for contributing solutions locally and globally towards SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure). More broadly, in regions like Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia, IDRC is fostering inclusive science and innovation systems by supporting research projects on STI priorities and facilitating collaboration through regional networks. Canada also aims to leverage its resource endowment, environmental and social governance credentials, robust regulatory system, and investment environment to meet global demand for critical minerals and associated value-added products. The Canadian Critical Minerals Strategy, released in December 2022, outlines Canada's ambition to become a global supplier of choice for responsibly sourced critical minerals and the clean and digital technologies they enable. This strategy supports industrial diversification, high-quality employment, and sustainable development nationwide. |
| Chile | The national STI policy in Chile is centred around an action plan that emphasises research and development (R&D), technology transfer, and licensing. These efforts are designed to tackle major national challenges such as climate change, the aging population, and the emerging technological revolution. The current discourse is primarily concerned with how R&D should evolve to meet these challenges effectively. The focus is also on strategically orienting CTCI policy towards public impact, territorial relevance, and direct contributions to social welfare. A significant shift has occurred from a vision centred solely on scientific productivity to a more missional approach aimed at addressing complex social issues such as public health, education, multidimensional poverty, access to basic services, territorial resilience, and digital inclusion. This transformation involves incorporating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a frame of reference for the design and implementation of science and technology policies. Various stakeholders, including sectoral ministries, universities, civil society organisations, research centres, and regional governments, have expressed differing views on the level of obligatory or cross-cutting nature that the SDGs should have in public research calls and institutional agendas. While some actors advocate for a focus on strategic thematic lines, others propose incorporating the SDGs as a cross-cutting evaluation criterion, recognising the interconnection between different areas of knowledge. Additionally, there is ongoing discussion about the need to strengthen mechanisms for participatory science, co-creation with communities, and policies for evaluating the social impact of the knowledge generated, particularly in historically excluded or vulnerable territories. This debate has led to concrete actions such as the incorporation of explicit references to the SDGs in ANID instruments (e.g., FONIS, Public Science, IDeA in two stages), and the creation of new inter-ministerial and regional platforms for the articulation of research with public policy challenges. The Action Plan of the National CTCI Policy and the National Strategy for Sustainable Productive Development exemplify efforts to transition towards a science with a social purpose. This approach not only measures scientific results but also evaluates its contribution to equitable, inclusive, sustainable development, misinformation and public trust. |
| China | At present, China is confronted with a series of social challenges, including tightening resource constraints, severe environmental pollution, ecosystem degradation, and an intensifying degree of population ageing. Additionally, China aims to achieve sustainable development goals such as the carbon peak target by 2030. These challenges necessitate efficient solutions provided by scientific and technological innovation. The Chinese government, focusing on the urgent needs of improving people's livelihoods and promoting sustainable development, has intensified efforts in core technology research, development, and application. These efforts span the fields of resources and environment, population health, new-type urbanisation, and public safety. The aim is to provide technological support to foster green development patterns and lifestyles, and to comprehensively enhance the quality of people's lives. In the development plans across relevant fields, scientific and technological innovation is recognised as a crucial component. |
| Costa Rica | In Costa Rica, current policy debates emphasize the role of research and innovation as key instruments to address pressing societal challenges such as inequality, climate adaptation, food security, and digital inclusion. A central discussion revolves around how to better align science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies with the country's sustainable development goals and how to direct public R&D investment toward mission-oriented outcomes. Stakeholders from government, academia, and civil society are increasingly advocating for STI agendas that are not only economically productive but also socially and environmentally transformative. There is increasing advocacy for mission-oriented approaches that synchronize academic research with national priorities, such as sustainability, digital transformation, and health. These approaches are envisioned to be executed through coordinated, cross-sectoral programs. Although no significant structural changes have been made yet, these discussions have shaped recent strategic documents like the National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (PNCTI) and the National AI Strategy. They are also influencing the agendas within MICITT and other relevant agencies. Importantly, Costa Rica has made it a policy standard to align all national STI strategies—including the National Policy on Science, Technology and Innovation (PNCTI), the Bioeconomy Strategy, and the National AI Strategy—with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This alignment is reflected in debates around the prioritization of public funding, support for applied research in areas like biodiversity, circular economy, public health, and education, and the development of inclusive innovation ecosystems. While these principles are widely accepted across sectors, discussions continue around how to operationalize them effectively through monitoring frameworks, cross-sectoral coordination, and the design of incentives that stimulate socially impactful innovation. Additionally, the rise of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), has ignited debates on several fronts. Issues of data governance, ethical standards, and national digital sovereignty are at the forefront, prompting calls for modernizing policy instruments. There is a pressing need to ensure regulatory agility and accountability to navigate the complexities introduced by these technologies effectively. |
| Croatia | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that relate to research and innovation, SDGs 8 'To promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all', and 9 'Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation', are embedded in the National Development Strategy 2030, Smart Specialization Strategy (S3), the NRRP, and the PCC 2021-2027 (EU Cohesion policy). Moreover, many of the seven priority investment areas identified in the Smart Specialization strategy 2029 respond to various societal challenges – primarily those related to health and the impact of climate change on food, energy, and transport. These include areas Sustainable and Circular Food, Smart and Clean Energy, Customised and Integrated Wood Products, Personalized Health, and Smart and Green Transport. When talking about addressing societal challenges, the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb, the largest and most influential Croatian research institute, is currently until 2027 implementing an infrastructural project worth 112 million euros that will facilitate four research platforms. The Platform for Marine and Environmental Research and the Platform for Biological and Medical Research directly address societal challenges, demonstrating a concentration of research interest and competencies in these areas. In 2025 the project “Centre of Excellence in Maritime Robotics and Technologies for Sustainable Blue Economy (CoE MARBLE)” was officially presented. It is the first centre of excellence funded under the prestigious European Union program Horizon Europe Teaming for Excellence. The MARBLE CoE will contribute to both national and European priorities – innovation, sustainability, green and digital transformation, and technological advancement. The strategic vision of this Centre of excellence is to position Croatia within the national and international scientific and innovation ecosystem in the field of maritime robotics and technology, aiming to establish a strong connection between academic excellence and the business community. Furthermore, the economic analysis of Croatian regions revealed a significant disparity between the development of the City of Zagreb and three industrial transition regions - Pannonian, Adriatic, and Northern Croatia. It was concluded that the most developed region was economically 3.5 times stronger than the least developed. To alleviate the mentioned disparities between the City of Zagreb and the three regions undergoing industrial transition, the Integrated Territorial Program 2021 - 2027 includes the creation of Plans for the Industrial Transition of Pannonian, Northern, and Adriatic Croatia. They define the directions of change and investment priorities, as well as a transformation roadmap that will enable the enhancement of regional competitiveness through industrial transition towards niches with higher added value. This approach aligns with the Smart Specialization Strategy 2029. When we look at regions (NUTS 2) and disparities when taking into account their participation in Horizon Europe program, we can see that the City of Zagreb is also leading with 330 participations, but Adriatic Croatia is following up with almost 150 participations. Panonian and Norther Croatia are lagging behind a bit more with 43 and 28 participations. When we look at the success rate of these regions, Adriatic Croatia is leading with success rate of 17.72%, followed by Panonian Croatia with 17.33% then Northern Croatia and the City of Zagreb with somewhat smaller success rate of 16.77% and 16.29%. When talking about R&I for society the Missions as part of Horizon Europe program aim to achieve stimulating and measurable goals with a societal and policy-making impact within a short time frame. Croatia is currently participating in total of 35 projects worth 17.9 M EUR, with 62 participating organizations in total. More than 135 project proposals were submitted with Croatian participants of which 60 were related to the topics in the Cluster 5 - Climate, Energy and Mobility, which shows that researchers in Croatia are aware of the most pressing global challenges and are actively trying to contribute to the scientific solutions to address them. |
| Cyprus | Cyprus recognizes the vital importance of research and innovation in addressing significant societal challenges. Policymakers are actively exploring methods to ensure that publicly funded research contributes effectively to addressing urgent issues such as climate change, sustainable energy, public health, digital transformation, and economic resilience. In terms of national policies and initiatives relevant to policy debates on research and innovation aimed at societal challenges, several key strategies are in place: - The National R&I Strategy 2024-2026 is designed to address these challenges. Specifically, Pillar B of the strategy focuses on Economic Growth (SDG 8) and Innovation - Entrepreneurship (SDG 9), while Pillar C targets Human Resources (SDG 4) and Gender Equality (SDG 5). Additionally, a thematic pillar concentrates on Sectorial Priorities identified in the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) of Cyprus for the period 2023-2030, covering a wide range of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including 3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. – European Partnerships under Horizon Europe also play a crucial role, with a national commitment of 20 million euros for participation in eight European Partnerships. These include Agroecology (SDG 6, 13, 15), Driving Urban Transition (SDG 11, 13), and Clean Energy Transition (SDG 7, 13). - Additionally, Cyprus contributes to the EU Missions under Horizon Europe by participating in the subgroups of the Programme Committee, which aids in the design and implementation of these missions. These initiatives demonstrate Cyprus's commitment to leveraging research and innovation in solving key societal issues, aligning national efforts with broader European objectives. |
| Czechia | Policy reforms are seldom initiated in a vacuum; they are built upon existing structures and are deeply influenced by historical contexts and the current state of affairs. In the Czech Republic, the implementation of Evidence-Informed Policymaking (EIPM) exemplifies this, as the country's historical experiences continue to shape the science-for-policy (S4P) activities, despite over three decades since the fall of communism. There is a noticeable increase in the awareness of the importance of EIPM, alongside a growing, albeit still small, community capable of effectively bridging the gap between science and policymaking. However, this progress is tempered by a growing disillusionment with science, compounded by an increasing distrust in government and state institutions, prompting more individuals to seek alternatives outside the traditional realms of science and politics. The Czech Republic boasts a robust array of research organisations that generate valuable knowledge for policymaking. These organisations have a long-standing tradition under various ministries and are involved in significant ongoing projects, enhancing the potential for developing effective science-for-policy networks. Furthermore, there is a rising recognition among public officials and politicians of the importance of evidence-informed policy. In 2023, the Ministry of Education and Science commissioned an analytical document to summarise the assessment of the socio-economic impact of research infrastructures (RIs). This document outlines methodological procedures for setting up and continually assessing the socio-economic impacts of RIs. The findings from these assessments are primarily intended to benefit the RIs themselves and the public administration, aiding RIs in clarifying their missions and objectives, monitoring their achievements, and identifying improvement opportunities. Additionally, these results support public administration, including concept managers, donors, ministries from other sectors, and the government, by demonstrating the impact of RIs and justifying public expenditure. Other key recipients of these assessment results include RI users, the broader academic and research community, and foreign RIs. |
| Denmark | Danish society recognises the crucial role of education and research in addressing significant societal challenges. In recent years, the debate has particularly focused on digitalisation, encompassing information communication technology, artificial intelligence, big data, space research, and the potential of life sciences. Research relevant to the healthcare sector is also given high priority in Danish STI policy. The recent agreement on the allocation of the Danish Research Reserve for 2025 has prioritised funding for research in psychiatry, along with increased support for independent clinical research focusing on key areas such as dementia, fertility, and substance use, including opioids. The government and the agreement parties in parliament have prioritised funding for applied research at university colleges and similar institutions. This initiative aims to strengthen capacity-building in practice-oriented research environments, promote the application of research in real-world settings, and thereby enhance public welfare, the attractiveness of educational programmes, and the recruitment of professionals in the welfare sector. Targeted funding is also allocated for research in the social sector, focusing on the most vulnerable populations, as well as children and young people, with an emphasis on mental well-being and learning in primary schools. However, the highest priority in the R&D agenda for society, parliament, and government is related to environmental challenges. More information can be found in the section on net zero transition. |
| Egypt | Egypt is witnessing a growing positive policy movement related to the role of scientific research and innovation in addressing societal challenges, in increasing alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Egypt Vision 2030. Policymakers and stakeholders are actively exploring ways to harness science, technology, and innovation to address pressing national issues such as water scarcity, food security, public health, education, and economic inclusion, ensuring that scientific research responds to societal needs, particularly in rural areas and disadvantaged communities. A clear trend has emerged toward directing research funding and national research and development (R&D) agendas to serve real societal priorities through challenge-oriented research programs and enhanced collaboration with civil society and local governments, with the support of leading government agencies such as the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology. Discussions are also expanding fruitfully around effectively integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the design and implementation of science, technology, and innovation policies. Egypt has launched pioneering initiatives such as the National Strategy for Science, Technology, and Innovation and the Knowledge and Technology Alliances, which link the SDGs with research topics related to agriculture, health, and clean energy. Interventions from academic and political circles reflect a growing recognition of the importance of developing impact monitoring mechanisms, improving data sharing, and stimulating multi-sectoral research that directly supports sustainable development indicators. Parliamentary discussions and media reports also emphasize the importance of empowering youth and engaging the private sector in finding joint solutions to achieve sustainable development. This trend represents a positive strategic shift toward harnessing scientific research and innovation not only as a means of economic growth, but also as a driving force for comprehensive and sustainable societal transformation, consolidating Egypt's position as a pioneer in linking knowledge and development. |
| Estonia | In Estonia, a key element of the debate on how research and innovation (R&I) can support societal challenges revolves around the role of line ministries in shaping and articulating the "demand side" of research. Since 2014, most ministries have employed science advisers—typically with research backgrounds—who are tasked with identifying knowledge needs, mediating between policymakers and researchers, and acting as knowledge brokers. This role has been further institutionalised since 2021 through the implementation of the national commitment to allocate 1% of GDP to R&D. As part of this framework, a portion of the annual increase in public R&D funding has been channelled through line ministries to fund research aligned with sectoral and societal needs. In some ministries, these additional funds have complemented pre-existing R&D budgets and at their peak accounted for nearly half of a line ministries' total research funding. |
| European Union | While the benefits of research and innovation (R&I) for economic growth are well-documented, R&I also plays a crucial role in addressing complex social problems such as social mobility, poverty, and inequalities. It provides solutions to mitigate the effects of climate change and biodiversity loss and improves overall well-being. The European Union, under its political leadership, has committed to leading the transition to a more sustainable growth model and accelerating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Commission’s reflection paper "Towards a Sustainable Europe by 2030" identifies R&I as key enablers in this transition towards an environmentally, socially, and economically sustainable Europe. The Political Guidelines of the Commission emphasise Europe's leadership in transitioning to a healthy planet while stimulating innovation, competitiveness, and job creation. Delivering on the SDGs requires the active participation of not just public authorities but also civil society and the private sector. Effective SDG implementation necessitates cooperation with citizens, national, regional, and local authorities, media, civil society organisations, the private sector, and stakeholders on the ground. This participation is facilitated through the use of appropriate R&I disciplines, such as Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH), which bridge the gap between citizens’ needs and R&I opportunities. When SSH research is fully integrated within R&I projects relevant to the SDGs, society at large can participate in and benefit from R&I outputs. Furthermore, recognising the differences between men and women—in terms of both biological characteristics and social and cultural features—in the R&I content of projects is crucial for scientific excellence and societal relevance. Under Horizon Europe, the integration of the gender dimension (sex and gender analysis) into R&I content is now a default requirement and an award criterion evaluated under the excellence criterion, unless otherwise specified. Targeted funding is also allocated to support gender studies and research on gender equality. The ERA Policy Agenda 2022-2024 included a specific action (Action 5) to advance towards inclusive gender equality. Deliverables included developing a strategy to counteract gender-based violence in the EU R&I system and developing principles for the integration and evaluation of a gender perspective in research and innovation content, in cooperation with national Research Funding Organisations. A subgroup of the ERA Forum has been dedicated to leading ERA Action 5. Building on this momentum, further initiatives will be launched under the ERA Policy Agenda 2025-2027, introducing new complementarities such as the development of principles for gender-sensitive budgeting and tracking of R&I expenditures, to promote gender equality and foster inclusiveness in ERA. Additionally, the Global Approach to research and innovation also promotes EU openness in international cooperation while ensuring a level playing field and reciprocity. This strategy is being implemented in coordination with EU Member States through the ERA Forum Standing Sub-Group on the Global Approach to R&I cooperation, using a Team Europe approach to maximise the effectiveness and impact of actions. |
| Finland | In Finland, policy debates increasingly focus on how research and innovation can support systemic responses to major societal challenges, particularly in the context of climate change, digitalisation, and sustainable growth. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are integrated into STI policy design and implementation across all sectors and levels of the RDI system. The Committee for Sustainable Development, a multistakeholder forum chaired by the Prime Minister, was established in 1994 and has since been an active contributor to sustainable development policy. The strategies of the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment emphasise climate action, decent work, and sustainable industry. Higher education institutions have programmes promoting sustainable development and responsibility, committing to become carbon neutral by 2030 – these are just a few examples. A central tool for advancing societal goals with STI is Business Finland’s mission-based approach, which aims to tackle global challenges while creating future market opportunities for Finnish companies. Current missions such as Zero Carbon Future, Circular Transition for Zero Waste, and Healthcare Reimagined 2035 are designed to accelerate the green and digital transitions. These missions combine long-term foresight with immediate innovation support, aligning business activity with societal impact. The Research Council of Finland funds research across all scientific disciplines, thereby supporting the attainment of sustainable development targets. Research-based knowledge plays a key role in ensuring sustainable development and protecting the welfare of future generations. Most of the current Academy Programmes and Strategic Research Council programmes effectively support the SDGs. One of the science policy objectives considered during funding decisions is how the proposed project has considered sustainable development. The projects that are funded are expected to incorporate sustainable development as part of responsible science. |
| France | The French Research Programming Act (LPR), currently under review, is designed to equip public research with the necessary tools to address significant scientific challenges in the upcoming decades. These challenges include the ecological transition, healthcare, and digital technologies. The Act places a strong emphasis on the quality and relevance of the projects funded, particularly those selected by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The ANR is tasked with choosing research projects that are both innovative and responsible, especially in terms of their environmental or societal impacts. To support the implementation of this law, an additional investment of 25 billion euros in research over the next five years has been planned. This investment is part of a broader policy to reform the organisation of higher education and research to enhance collective efficiency. This reform includes simplifying management tasks for researchers and teacher-researchers and establishing programme agencies at the national level. These agencies focus on priority themes such as sustainable development and climate change, aiming to foster research and innovation that address major societal challenges. Consequently, seven national agencies, supported by leading research organisations (CEA, CNRS, CNES, INRIA, INRAE, INSERM), have been created. These agencies are tasked with managing major “solutions”-oriented programmes, with four specifically targeting sustainable development and ecological transition: “Space” (CNES), “Climate, Biodiversity and Sustainable Societies” (CNRS), “Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Forestry” (INRAE), and “Decarbonized Energy” (CEA). In response to environmental challenges, the French government has committed to various international and European Union agreements, including the “Green Pact”. To fulfil these commitments, France has initiated a nationwide ecological planning process. This process is designed to reduce the environmental footprint of its activities and combat biodiversity loss next to achieving carbon neutrality, as outlined in the Kumming/Montreal international agreement on the preservation of the Biosphere. In support of these efforts, the Ministry of Research and Higher Education has established a Climate/Biodiversity Plan for Ecological Transition and Sustainable Development (TEDS), which aims to help the sector meet national objectives. |
| Georgia | Georgia's participation in “Horizon Europe” program has facilitated a structured dialogue on utilizing Research and Innovation (R&I) to tackle societal challenges, aligning with EU missions and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These discussions emphasize the role of STI policy not only in enhancing economic competitiveness but also as a mechanism for fostering inclusive and resilient societies. This is achieved by strengthening human capital, digital skills, and regional development. The Horizon Europe National Office supports stakeholders in identifying relevant EU calls, fostering international consortia, and aligning national innovation efforts with European thematic priorities in areas such as climate, health, and digitalization. Debates are ongoing around how to further embed these frameworks in national programming and support structures. The Georgian Innovation and Technology Agency (GITA) is at the forefront of formulating and executing innovation policies that meet societal needs. This role includes overseeing the design and management of various grant programmes, capacity-building initiatives, and infrastructure projects. These efforts aim to broaden the national innovation talent pool and enhance competitive skills. Notable initiatives spearheaded by GITA include the development of an AI Excellence Center, the nationwide DoITinGeorgia digital literacy programme, regional Technoparks, and both targeted and large-scale startup support programmes. Through these initiatives, GITA fosters an inclusive innovation ecosystem that empowers youth and regional innovators, thereby contributing to a more competitive, knowledge-based economy that aligns with Georgia's sustainable development goals. Additionally, the Horizon Europe National Office plays a crucial role in assisting stakeholders to identify relevant EU calls, form international consortia, and ensure that national innovation efforts are in sync with European thematic priorities in sectors such as climate, health, and digitalization. There are ongoing debates about how to further integrate these frameworks into national programming and support structures. |
| Germany | Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on the global level continues to be a high priority for the Federal Government. Germany is committed to its role as a cooperation partner in advancing research and innovation in partner countries. As part of its science diplomacy and development cooperation aid activities, it advocates for the development of sustainable science and innovation infrastructures worldwide. The Federal Government has created important frameworks for this, for instance through the National Sustainable Development Strategy and the Strategy on Climate Foreign Policy. Moreover, within the context of the National Sustainable Development Strategy and the UN Agenda 2030, the BMFTR has its own strategy in place, the Sustainable Development Strategy of the BMFTR, in order to foster an innovative culture for sustainability and integrate SDGs in German STI policies. The strategy aims to anchor sustainability in administrative processes, include sustainability goals in STI policies and focus STI funding on sustainability transformations. Sustainability innovations bring together many future technologies - from the bioeconomy to artificial intelligence (AI) - and develop pioneering solutions. Space-based technologies play also an important role in terms of security, innovation and climate research, particularly with regard to observation and early warning. The Research for Sustainability (FONA) Strategy acts as a complementary building block. It is geared towards the SDGs and sets out how to achieve these sustainability goals through research. The focus of the FONA Strategy lies on future technologies in the fields of green hydrogen, the circular economy, climate and biodiversity protection and the bioeconomy. FONA is aiming to make Germany technology leader in energy system transformation, resource efficiency and climate and biodiversity protection. In addition, strengthening structurally weak regions and creating equivalent living conditions and social cohesion are also integral parts of the FONA Strategy. In order to guarantee that security, well-being and social resilience continue to increase for Germany's society, and that we are better prepared for the crises of tomorrow, the Federal Government is continuing its commitment to security research in the new framework programme Research for Civil Security – Working Together for a Safe Life Within a Resilient Society. |
| Greece | Greece remains staunchly committed to the UN Agenda 2030, integrating the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into all its major binding political plans. The country has developed compact strategies, policies, and institutional reforms aimed at accelerating the full implementation of the SDGs and building back better from the COVID-19 pandemic. Notably, Greece was one of only two countries in the European Union that managed to adhere to all 17 Goals in 2021 without deviation. In 2025, according to UN’s Sustainable Development Report (SDR), Greece ranks in the 27th position out of 167 countries with an overall score of 78.7%. Focusing on SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and particularly on Innovation, Greece’s position is improving - R&D Expenditure is showing steady growth, patent applications remain low compared to EU peers, but as for progress in green and digital technologies and start-up ecosystem, Athens and Thessaloniki remain emerging hubs. The Greek Recovery and Resilience Plan introduced forward-thinking reforms and investments designed to accelerate the transition towards a sustainable growth model and enhance economic, social, and institutional resilience. Supported by a budget of EUR 31 billion up to 2026, the Plan is structured around four key pillars directly linked to the core priorities of the SDGs: green transition, digital transition, employment, skills and social cohesion, and private investment and economic and institutional transformation. All SDGs are significantly addressed by the national Plan, with a particular focus on healthcare sustainability and economic productivity. Additionally, flagship initiatives have been launched to harness the response of the research and academic community to the social and economic challenges Greece is currently facing. These challenges include health issues such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, sudden death in young people, as well as climate change and food-nutrition concerns. |
| Hungary | The government aims to address socio- economic challenges relevant to the Hungarian community through mission-driven research. This includes areas such as healthy ageing, the climate-neutral transition of our energy system, and emerging technologies like AI and quantum technology. The Missions Sub-fund, to be launched in 2025, may be supported with up to HUF 10 billion to conduct high-profile research along well-defined goals, as set in the 2025 Programme Strategy of the NRDI Fund. This new sub-fund was established through the amendment of the Act LXXVI of 2014 (RDI Act), effective from January 1, 2025. Its primary aim is to implement R&D programmes targeting the achievement of major socio-economic impacts in strategically important areas. The National Sustainability Framework Strategy of Hungary aims to promote the material, intellectual, and spiritual well-being of all generations through the development of knowledge and technological innovation. To this end, a new phase of innovation is essential in Hungary, which will allow for the expansion of economic resources without increasing the negative effects on natural resources, respecting the ecological limits imposed by nature and natural processes. Research, development, and innovation enable the production of more efficient and economically viable devices while considering sustainability. The Strategy also emphasizes the significant roles of skilled human resources, institutional infrastructure, and private sector enterprises in fostering innovation. Hungary has prioritized accelerating the pace of innovation in its Research, Development, and Innovation (RDI) policy to maintain its manufacturing leadership and develop new breakthrough technologies, including the development of human resources, while considering sustainability. The National Smart Specialisation Strategy 2021-2027 outlines priorities such as "Energy, Climate" and "Resource-efficient Economy." Sustainability is a goal or a horizontal aspect in most priorities of the Strategy. To achieve net zero transition goals, there is a special focus on increasing energy research, innovation, and competitiveness. The Hungarian Government supports the strengthening of industries that can promote the green transition under the "European Green Deal" through clean technological innovations. According to the main strategic package of measures of the Hungarian RDI policy, the John von Neumann Programme approved by the Hungarian Parliament in 2023, the green transition and circular economy are important among the 3+1 focus areas of its innovation investments. |
| Iceland | Iceland employs Agenda 2030 as a comprehensive framework for its crucial national strategies, incorporating the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into its five-year fiscal plans and various governmental policies and programmes. This approach includes the identification of 65 "priority targets" from the 169 SDG targets, which are deemed particularly relevant to Iceland's context. The government's Science and Technology Policy Council has explicitly framed its vision and objectives to contribute to a sustainable future. This includes a focus on environmental protection, equality, and enhancing quality of life, all of which are directly linked to the principles of the SDGs. Strategically funded research initiatives in Iceland are designed to address societal challenges that align with multiple SDGs. There is an ongoing debate on the best methods to apply a cross-government approach to tackle these societal challenges effectively and to prevent the creation of policy silos. In addition, there is a strong emphasis on promoting public understanding and participation in science, alongside improving science literacy among citizens. |
| India | India has been strategically prioritising and planning across the Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) landscape to align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This approach includes a mix of short-term, mission-mode programmes and long-term initiatives. Several policy debates are currently underway in India to address societal challenges through STI. These debates focus on enhancing global and local linkages in the STI sector and developing indigenous technologies in critical areas such as health, agriculture, energy, and the environment. These technologies are tailored to meet the needs of local communities. Additionally, there is an emphasis on facilitating seamless knowledge flow among all stakeholders in the STI ecosystem, including the government (both central and state), R&D institutions, academia, enterprises (industry, start-ups, and Small and Medium Enterprises), and society. This is aimed at enhancing the applicability of R&D and technology development outcomes, including the tangible impact of science and technology on society. Another key area of discussion is the catalysation of innovation and value creation within the system, with significant attention given to the recognition, incentivisation, and promotion of Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) and grassroots innovation. These efforts are crucial for ensuring that the benefits of STI reach all sections of society and contribute effectively to addressing societal challenges. |
| Indonesia | Indonesia is undergoing a significant transformation in its approach to Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policies. A central debate is whether STI should primarily advance knowledge or be explicitly oriented towards addressing societal challenges. In response, Indonesia has adopted a "mission-oriented research" paradigm, aligning STI agendas with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as net-zero emissions (SDG 13), food security (SDG 2), health innovation (SDG 3), digital education (SDG 4), and social inclusion (SDG 10). This shift necessitates a broader re-evaluation of STI policy, moving from a narrow, techno-centric focus to one that includes social transformation, public policy, and behavioural change. Technological solutions alone are often insufficient for systemic social issues like poverty or digital inequality. Consequently, STI strategies now emphasise the integration of social sciences and humanities and stress the importance of co-creation with local communities, rather than relying solely on top-down technological interventions. Efforts to mainstream the SDGs in Indonesia’s STI policy are pursued across three dimensions: objectives, design, and implementation. National research priorities now strategically include global challenges such as climate change, health crises, and food resilience. For instance, BRIN has shifted its focus towards green energy, public health security, and the downstream processing of local food. However, designing effective STI policies is challenging due to fragmented coordination between ministries, weak synergy with regional governments, and a lack of baseline data for research-linked SDG metrics. On the implementation front, there are ongoing debates about fostering innovation that is both inclusive and sustainable, questioning whether innovation should be driven solely by patents and economic incentives and how to ensure that marginalised groups benefit from research outcomes. Open science and data-sharing practices are increasingly vital to prevent knowledge capture by elite academic or industrial actors. Moreover, Indonesia faces challenges in measuring the real societal impact of research. Many projects are labelled as supporting SDGs, yet they lack concrete indicators that reflect changes in community well-being or environmental outcomes. Current evaluation models are still focused on inputs and outputs, such as publication counts and patent registrations, rather than on transformative impacts. There is a growing call for outcome-based evaluations that utilise foresight and impact pathways. Additionally, there is a need to bridge global SDG targets with local realities. Localised STI and grassroots innovations are gaining attention, particularly as communities across Indonesia—such as those facing water crises in NTT, stunting in Papua, or coastal disasters—require tailored, context-specific research solutions rooted in indigenous knowledge and local participation. |
| Ireland | Through the implementation of Impact 2030, the Government is ensuring that Research and Innovation (R&I) is central to Ireland’s response to social, economic, and environmental challenges, further advancing the strategic development of the nation’s R&I system. The Government is dedicated to accelerating Ireland's progress towards the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. These goals focus on critical areas such as poverty eradication, climate action, and improving living standards for all. The Government’s mission includes leading the sustainable development of the agri-food and marine sector to optimise its contribution to national economic and social development and the natural environment. Current policy debates around R&I for Climate and the Environment are centred on achieving greenhouse gas emission reduction, climate neutrality, and environmental sustainability while maintaining food security, rural livelihoods, and biodiversity. A major focus is on integrating climate action into agri-food innovation policy through sustainable farming practices, technological advancement, and systemic transformation. The SDGs are being incorporated into STI policy by aligning funding and research priorities with climate-resilient food systems. Initiatives like Food Vision 2030 promote integrated innovation strategies that aim to deliver co-benefits across health, environment, and the bioeconomy. The Government is advancing R&I as a key driver in addressing societal challenges, particularly in climate action, energy transition, digital connectivity, and environmental protection. Departmental research funding and policy are closely aligned with SDGs, notably SDGs 7, 9, 11, 12, and 13. These include the annual Climate Action Plan, which sets binding targets for emissions reduction, renewable energy, and decarbonisation across all sectors; the National Energy and Climate Plan; the Digital Connectivity Strategy; and the National Broadband Plan, which supports equitable access to digital infrastructure. Ireland’s Second National Implementation Plan for the Sustainable Development Goals embeds the framework provided by the SDGs into national and local government work to ensure a coherent system-wide approach, as well as greater dialogue and joined-up thinking between policymakers across sectors. As part of the EPA Research Framework 2030, the EPA is generating evidence to support Ireland’s response to global challenges, including climate disruption and biodiversity loss, and supporting the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals by collaborating with policymakers, research funders, and other key stakeholders through Environmental Research Coordination to identify and invest in key and emerging research priorities. These policy priorities are reflected by establishing regular thematic assessment of research priorities. Sustain-FIT, an Enterprise Ireland programme co-funded by EU MSCA and following Career-FIT Plus, will recruit 50 high-calibre researchers internationally to build competences in industrially focused climate action mitigation and sustainability research. Other targets linked to the SDGs are reflected in various Departmental policy initiatives including the White Paper on Enterprise 2022-2030, Transposition of the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive, our national Trade and Investment Strategy 2022-2026: Value for Ireland, Values for the World, and Ireland’s Employment Rights enforcement and Protection. The SDG Senior Officials Group and the Sustainable Development Goals Interdepartmental Working Group are also integral to this work. Departmental officials also actively participate in the SDG Champions Programme’s Sub-Group and have contributed to the shortlisting process of SDG Champions for the 2022-2023 and 2024-2025 editions. The Government is also supporting research that improves people’s health, promotes evidence-informed care, and creates solutions to societal challenges. It does this through a strategic, well-balanced funding portfolio that responds to real-world needs – collaborating with partners to address challenges and drive innovation in our health system, and supporting meaningful involvement of patients, carers, and the public in research. The Health Research Board (HRB) funds clinical research, health services and policy research, and population health research, which includes the broad-based determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, education, housing, and climate. The HRB has recently joined the funders' interest group for the Evidence Synthesis Infrastructure Collaborative. The goal is to enable real-time aggregation of scientific data, support open science practices, and give policymakers, clinicians, and other decision-makers access to the most up-to-date evidence. Spanning any and all sectors, it aims to reduce the cost and time it takes to produce evidence syntheses, making them more accessible for researchers in the Global South or in underfunded fields. |
| Israel | Israeli Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy is increasingly intertwined with social and environmental objectives, focusing particularly on addressing inequality and marginalization. Subsidized programmes are designed to prepare underrepresented populations, including Arab, Ultra-Orthodox, and Ethiopian communities, for employment in the high-tech sector. Furthermore, the National AI Programme is explicitly aimed at integrating AI into public services and local government to reduce disparities and make AI accessible to all citizens. The recent Innovation Centers initiative plans to establish nine hubs across the country, with eight located in development towns. These hubs will concentrate on sectors such as climate, agri-tech, and food-tech, reflecting a broader vision of inclusive innovation. Policymakers and NGOs are engaged in debates on how to ensure that marginalized groups such as Arab and ultra-orthodox communities benefit from the high-tech economy. There is advocacy for dedicated "social innovation" funds targeting health, education, and poverty alleviation technologies, while others emphasise the integration of diverse demographics into mainstream tech programmes. Climate technology, aligned with SDG13, is a clear priority. Other significant areas include water conservation (SDG6), food security (SDG2), and health (SDG3), which are supported through targeted R&D calls, such as water tech accelerators and medical innovation grants. In 2023, Israel published its first National Adaptation Plan and climate risk maps, a move spearheaded by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Innovation Authority, marking a shift towards climate-resilient innovation. However, the formal incorporation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into programme metrics remains a topic of debate. While some stakeholders advocate for more explicit SDG targets to guide R&D funding, others argue that Israel's unique needs might not align with a one-size-fits-all SDG model. The discourse is evolving, with a growing consensus that innovation policy should advance national welfare goals, such as reducing regional and social disparities. However, the methods to achieve these goals—whether through dedicated missions, multi-sector partnerships, or redistributive funding—continue to be debated. |
| Italy | In 2024, the Italian policy debate on research and innovation increasingly focuses on the strategic role of science and technology in tackling major societal challenges, such as climate change, health crises, the digital transition, demographic change, and geopolitical instability. These challenges are addressed through a mission-oriented STI policy that is closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key national frameworks such as the National Research Programme (PNR) 2021–2027 and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) play a pivotal role in translating SDG-oriented priorities into action. These priorities include the green transition, clean energy, sustainable mobility, and inclusive education, reflecting Italy’s commitment to leveraging research and innovation for sustainable development. Moreover, National Doctorate Programmes and extended partnerships focus on SDG-related themes like health, environment, circular economy, and digital inclusion. In addition, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, biotechnologies, and digital platforms raise new governance questions, particularly around ethics, societal impact, and citizen engagement. Italy is actively participating in international dialogues to ensure that STI governance frameworks are future-oriented, inclusive, and aligned with democratic values. STI policy in Italy is increasingly shaped by societal needs, with implementation mechanisms designed to ensure that research outputs contribute directly to sustainable and inclusive development. There are also initiatives specifically dedicated to supporting research and innovation in developing and less technologically advanced countries. The Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) supports the active role of higher education institutions (HEIs) in delivering both educational and research missions within Africa–Europe partnerships. Within the G7 context, MUR has launched the “Research Capacity Building with Africa” initiative. This initiative aims to foster collaborative higher education, research, and innovation projects between Africa, Italy, and other G7 members, with a strong focus on the involvement of the private sector. This initiative is linked to the mandate of the G7 Declaration and the priorities set forth in UNESCO's 'Campus Africa.' The main goal is to strengthen the innovation ecosystem of African countries, benefiting all parties involved. Building on existing collaborations, within the context of the Mattei Plan for Africa, the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research engages universities, public research and artistic institutions, and private entities in developing concrete actions related to their first and second missions, namely higher education and scientific research. Among these actions, the call for funding for Transnational Education initiatives (TNE) with African countries should be emphasized. The implementation of this measure provides funding, made available by the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, for activities such as double degree programs, collaborative research projects, joint PhD programs, study programs for professionals, and academic partnerships. These partnerships allow students to study abroad for a semester or a year, with recognition of credits and degrees. |
| Japan | Solving wide-ranging and complex social issues requires the improvement of social systems and the consideration of ethical, legal, and social implications from the initial stages of research and development (R&D). This involves exploiting outstanding research results that push the frontiers of knowledge in society and linking them to innovation. To achieve this, the government will systematically and consistently formulate evidence-based strategies for the central government, ministries, and implementing agencies. It will promote mission-oriented R&D programmes and institutional reforms, and develop a system that can review strategies flexibly as needed. Furthermore, both the government and the private sector will promote the strategic and international use of standards as a crucial means to accelerate the implementation of advanced technologies. These technologies are intended to help solve social issues, stimulate the overseas expansion of Japanese companies through international competition, and acquire new international markets. Public and private-sector projects will drive the social implementation of science, technology, and innovation (STI) and the accompanying R&D. Finally, the public and private sectors will undergo reforms through enhanced use of strategic and international standards, which will be integrated into government policies and corporate management strategies. |
| Kazakhstan | Kazakhstan’s science and innovation policy is increasingly shaped by the need to respond to major societal challenges such as climate change, food and water security, public health, digital inequality, and sustainable industrialisation. A key area of debate concerns the strategic alignment of national R&D priorities with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and how STI policy frameworks can be reoriented to deliver measurable social and environmental outcomes. The 2024 Law on Science and Technological Policy marked a turning point by explicitly referencing science's role in contributing to sustainable development. Since then, several national programmes have been launched to support SDG-relevant fields, including green hydrogen, critical minerals, agricultural innovation, and climate resilience. However, ongoing debates highlight the need for a more structured integration of SDG targets into project funding criteria, performance indicators, and interministerial planning. Stakeholders have called for clearer mandates, cross-sectoral coordination, and the establishment of a dedicated STI-SDG monitoring framework. Another important policy discussion centres on the geographical and societal inclusivity of research benefits. There is a growing recognition that research and innovation efforts must be more attuned to regional disparities and local development priorities. In this context, the establishment of regional science and education hubs, as well as open innovation platforms and community-driven research initiatives, are seen as essential to achieving SDG principles of equity and resilience. Additionally, debates focus on how to enhance public engagement and co-creation in addressing societal challenges. Initiatives such as industrial hackathons, citizen science pilots, and open data platforms are being explored as mechanisms to mobilise collective intelligence and align scientific activity with real-world needs. While these efforts are still emerging, they reflect a growing policy interest in transforming the STI system into a more responsive, mission-oriented, and impact-driven framework aligned with the 2030 Agenda. |
| Korea | Korea is currently grappling with three significant societal challenges. The first is the world's lowest fertility rate of 0.78 (2022), which is accelerating the ageing of the population and slowing economic growth. In response, the Korean government established the Presidential Committee on Ageing Society and Population Policy in 2010 to coordinate policies targeting these demographic issues. These policies are twofold: one aims to reverse the declining birth rate through social welfare initiatives, and the other prepares for a "super-aged society" by focusing on STI policies that promote innovations in high-quality healthcare services for seniors. The second challenge is climate change, with Korea's greenhouse gas emissions continuing to rise due to its predominantly carbon-based industrial ecosystem. To address this, the government is advancing a green transformation, encapsulated in the development of Cross-governmental 2050 Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategies. A notable political and societal debate during this transformation has been the role of nuclear power as a major energy source for a green economy. The Yoon Administration (2022-2025) has advocated for nuclear power as a carbon-free energy source, contrasting with the stance of the Moon Administration (2017-2022). The stance of the upcoming Lee Administration on this issue remains uncertain. The third challenge involves public health and safety, particularly in protecting the underprivileged from various natural disasters, which have been exacerbated by COVID-19. To mitigate the impact of such crises and close any potential gaps, the Korean government is working to establish a robust social and employment safety net for the entire population. This commitment is reflected in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan (2023–2027) and the 3rd Plan for Solving Social Problems with Science and Technology (2023-2027), which emphasise leveraging STI to address pressing societal issues such as climate change, public health, and demographic shifts. |
| Latvia | There is an increasing focus on the ability of research and innovation (R&I) to address societal challenges. The Guidelines for Science, Technology Development, and Innovation for 2021-2027 highlight various global trends and challenges, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), EU strategic goals, as well as skills transition and demographic challenges. One of the goals outlined in the guidelines is "Finding innovative solutions for relevant societal challenges." Efforts are underway to strengthen the science-for-policy ecosystem at both national and international levels, such as the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and the OECD-led project on "Building capacity for evidence-informed policymaking in governance and public administration in a post-pandemic Europe." Various programmes exist at different levels (EU, interregional, national) to fund research that addresses societal challenges. At the national level, the primary instrument for addressing such challenges since 2018 has been the State Research Programmes (SRPs), which allow sectoral ministries to commission top-down research. As of 2025, SRPs have been established by several ministries, including the Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Economics, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, and others. Several initiatives have been launched to promote the societal impact of scientific research. Impact criteria carry a weight of 50% when applying for State Research Programmes. The Latvian Council of Science has developed impact guidelines to assist researchers in achieving societal, policy, and economic impact. Seminars and discussions have also been conducted to help researchers enhance the societal impact of their work. |
| Lithuania | In 2024, Lithuania inaugurated its first and only Science and Innovation Promotion Centre, "Mokslo sala" (Science Island), located in Kaunas. Modeled after leading international science centers, Mokslo sala is designed to bridge the gap between the scientific community and the public. It achieves this by making scientific knowledge accessible and engaging through hands-on experiences. The center not only promotes the understanding and application of research but also fosters citizen science and strengthens public trust in science. Furthermore, Lithuania actively involves its citizens in science via EU-wide initiatives. One such program is "Plastic Pirates – Go Europe!" where students, with the support of professional researchers, collect and analyze plastic waste. Additionally, Lithuania's participation in the EU Contest for Young Scientists (EUCYS) plays a crucial role in encouraging students to showcase their projects at a European level, thereby inspiring future generations of scientists. Lithuania has also implemented creative methods to connect science with society and business. An example is the establishment of a Linktree account, www.linktr.ee/MokslasVerslui, which serves as a centralized access point to a curated directory of research system resources relevant to businesses. This directory is available in Lithuanian and includes links to R&D calls from the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport, contact information for Knowledge and Technology Transfer Offices (KTOs/TTOs) at research and higher education institutions, National Contact Points (NCPs) for the Horizon Europe programme, and contacts for science and innovation advisors across ministries. Additionally, Lithuania hosts annual informal science-business breakfast sessions to further these connections. |
| Malta | Goal 3 of the National R&I Strategic Plan 2023-2027 emphasizes 'Enhanced directionality through "Missions" and Smart Specialisation'. The selection criteria for these missions are centered on addressing economic and societal challenges, responding to urgent needs, or capitalizing on emerging opportunities. The progress Malta makes on the Sustainable Development Goals is set to guide the selection of these national missions. In January 2022, Malta introduced its Smart Specialisation Strategy 2021-2027, identifying six thematic areas with innovative potential: Health and Well-Being, Sustainable Use of Resources for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, Smart Manufacturing, Marine & Maritime Technologies, Aviation and Aerospace, and Future Digital Technologies. The latter serves as both a vertical priority and a horizontal enabler for the other priorities. The implementation of this Strategy is managed by six Thematic Committees, each representing one of the thematic areas. These committees were established in mid-2022 and are responsible for presenting work plans that propose measures to achieve the Strategy's implementation goals. Malta’s Smart Specialisation Strategy for 2021-2027 aims to not only drive economic growth through investments in research and innovation but also to tackle the Sustainable Development Goals and support societal challenges. This strategy is designed to balance the focus between economic sustainability and the broader needs of the country. |
| Mexico | In the development of the 2025-2030 National Development Plan, SECIHTI coordinated two consultation forums. These forums presented a diverse range of topics, with significant emphasis on coordination, water, energy, strengthening of universities and schools, teacher support, health, gender and inclusion policies, and scientific dissemination. During the programming and budgeting process of the Draft Federal Expenditure Budget (PPEF), one of the key activities was to align the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the UN 2030 Agenda with the budget programs. By 2025, the budget programs of Branch 38, which focuses on Science, Humanities, Technology, and Innovation, were aligned with seven of the 17 SDGs outlined in the UN 2030 Agenda. |
| Netherlands | The main debates in the field of Research and Innovation for Society focus on the Science for Policy movement within the government, which operates in collaboration with the knowledge sector. This movement aims to integrate scientific insights directly into policy-making processes, enhancing the government's ability to address complex societal challenges effectively. Another significant framework is the Dutch mission-oriented innovation policy, outlined in the Knowledge Innovation Covenant (KIC). The KIC identifies key societal challenges such as the energy transition, circular economy, health, agriculture, water and food, and security. It provides a structured approach for various sectors and departments to collaborate on these issues, fostering a unified response to each challenge. The governance structure of this mission-oriented innovation policy is currently undergoing a review. A detailed update, including potential changes, will be communicated to parliament in a letter scheduled for later in 2025. |
| New Zealand | The current main policy debates in New Zealand regarding how research and innovation can address societal challenges focus on strategically aligning research priorities with pressing national issues. A key focus is ensuring that government funding, such as the $1.2 billion allocated annually to the science sector, is directed towards research that yields tangible benefits in areas like climate change, health, and economic growth. The recent reforms of the science and innovation system, announced in January 2025, emphasize a more targeted approach. This approach aims to maximize the impact of research on economic growth and societal well-being. It includes the establishment of new public research organizations focused on advanced technologies and a greater emphasis on commercializing research outcomes to address real-world problems. Another significant debate revolves around fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange between researchers, industry, and communities to ensure that research is relevant and effectively translated into solutions for societal challenges. The now concluded National Science Challenges, which ran until June 2024, exemplified a mission-led approach to tackle key issues like health, sustainable seas, and resilience to natural disasters by encouraging collaboration across research providers and engaging with stakeholders. Current discussions are likely to build on this experience, exploring how to best structure research initiatives and funding mechanisms to promote interdisciplinary work and ensure that Māori knowledge (Mātauranga) is effectively integrated into research addressing societal issues, as highlighted by the Vision Mātauranga policy. Furthermore, there is ongoing discussion about the balance between fundamental research and more applied, solutions-focused research. While "blue skies" research, such as that funded by the Marsden Fund, is recognized for its potential to generate new knowledge and unexpected breakthroughs, there is a growing emphasis on ensuring that a significant portion of research funding is directed towards addressing immediate societal needs and contributing to economic growth. The recent changes to the Marsden Fund, requiring at least 50% of funding to go to projects with clear economic benefits, reflect this shift in focus. The debates also encompass how to incentivize researchers and institutions to engage in translational research and commercialization activities, ensuring that innovative solutions reach the communities and sectors that need them most. |
| Norway | The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a crucial aspect of Norway's Long-term Plan for Research and Higher Education, with universities and university colleges playing a key role in implementing the Sustainable Development Agenda through education and research. Since 2017, higher education institutions in Norway have been working on linking the need for new knowledge for sustainable development with multidisciplinary research communities through scientific advice. The Research Council of Norway aims to prioritise sustainability in its funding of research and development (R&D), develop instruments that target sustainability-related challenges, and enhance the sustainability perspective in international cooperation. The same goes for innovation grants scheme. The government regularly provides annual reports to Stortinget on progress towards achieving the SDGs. The sustainable use of the ocean is a key priority for the Norwegian government, as highlighted in the strategy called Blue Opportunities. This strategy recognises the importance of sound ocean policy and a sustainable ocean economy in achieving the SDGs, and advocates for an international framework for sustainable ocean management. Additionally, Norway co-chairs the High-level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, which focuses on responsible ocean management based on sustainable use and the best available scientific knowledge. Norway has participated in a PSF MLE on Public Engagement in Research and Innovation, with several recommendations from the final report being relevant to the country. The Research Council of Norway has established a network for citizen science, and efforts are being made to map existing citizen science projects and provide guidance for researchers interested in using citizen engagement and citizen science methods in their projects. A guide to citizen involvement in research was launched fall 2023. The Research Council of Norway provides funding for Sami research through a Sami portfolio, which is supported by the Norwegian Ministries of Education and Research, and of Local Government and Regional Development. The aim of the portfolio is to generate new knowledge that strengthens the Sami people's languages, culture, and community. The research programme primarily focuses on humanities and social sciences research related to Sami issues, but it is also open to natural science research with direct links to the humanities and social sciences in areas such as health, climate, and the environment. The Centre for Sami Health Research (CSHR) at the University of Tromsø is responsible for the SAMINOR Study, a large population-based study on health and living conditions in regions with Sami and Norwegian populations. SAMINOR provides valuable insights into the health and living conditions of the Sami, and its indigenous perspective makes it a unique database nationally and internationally. The CSHR collaborates with research teams involved in health research in indigenous communities across various countries. Efforts have been made to produce statistics on the Sami communities in Norway. The project "Sami-related statistics in Norway" was initiated in 2003, resulting in the first official Sami statistics being published in 2006. Due to privacy regulations, national authorities in Norway are not allowed to register ethnicity, making it challenging to produce statistics specifically on the Sami population as a group. However, statistics are available based on the geographical area of activity of the Sámediggi subsidy schemes for business development. These statistics cover various relevant topics, including elections, population size and composition, education, language use, income, employment, reindeer husbandry, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Expert Analysis Group for Sami Statistics, established in 2007, produces an annual publication called "Sámi logut muitalit" (Sami Statistics Speak). This publication provides a general overview of topics relevant to those seeking information about Sami conditions and society. The publication is available in both Sami and Norwegian languages. |
| Peru | Peru recognizes the importance of popularizing science, technology, and innovation, ensuring that its activities and results are known and recognized by society at large. To achieve this goal, a series of strategies have been developed. These include the National Science Fair, Peru with Science, departmental forums on science, technology, and innovation, and the creation of Science and Technology Clubs. In response to the rapid advancement of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, Peru has adopted an approach focused on the ethical, inclusive, and responsible use of these tools. This approach promotes the development and application of technologies in a way that contributes positively to collective welfare, while avoiding the creation of gaps or discrimination based on race, gender, or other personal or social conditions. |
| Poland | In Poland, the main policy debates around how research and innovation can help address societal challenges centre on aligning innovation policies with the country’s broader economic, social, and environmental goals. This alignment is increasingly shaped by global frameworks like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are coherent with the policy of the European Union. There is a growing focus on integrating sustainability, social inclusion, and environmental responsibility into the country's innovation ecosystem. Poland has a tradition of tackling the country's social and economic issues through the lens of sustainable development. The Constitution of Poland (1997) recognises sustainable development as a fundamental right. Article 5 of the Basic Act states that the Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and inviolability of its territory, ensure the freedoms and rights of man and citizen, the security of citizens, safeguard the national heritage, and ensure the protection of the environment, guided by the principle of sustainable development. As early as 2000, the Council of Ministers adopted the "Poland 2025 – Long-term strategy for sustainable development," an innovative document that directed the country's development according to sustainable development principles. However, this strategy is currently not in operation. Economic policy is programmed with consideration of outcomes from six strategic research programmes conducted by the National Centre for Research and Development: New technologies in the field of energy, Gospostrateg, Infostrateg, Biostrateg, Strategmed, and Techmatstrateg. The primary aim of the GOSPOSTRATEG Programme is to increase the use of socio-economic research results in shaping national and regional development policies by 2028. The Programme's objectives are twofold: implementation of policies, strategies, operational documents, and specific solutions developed under the Programme; and application of solutions created under the Programme, strengthening social capital necessary for implementing national and regional development policies. Other national programmes and initiatives specifically designed for STI policy are in development or being implemented, including the Productivity Strategy, National Regional Development Strategy 2030, and State Science Policy. The State Science Policy (2022) outlines a broad scope of science's social responsibility and the role of science in addressing key social and economic problems. It encompasses participation in tackling global challenges, including implementing the Sustainable Development Goals to meet the needs of the current generation sustainably, with respect for the environment and consideration of future generations' needs, and climate change adaptation and mitigation; resolving social and economic problems through the use of new technologies and their implementation in the economy, such as digital technologies, artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, and open science; preparing for challenges associated with improving quality of life, demographic changes, labour market and migration challenges, health policy issues; and emphasising the importance of research in the humanities and social sciences, community, culture, and tradition; and defence and security of the state. One of the primary discussions is how to ensure that research and innovation activities in Poland contribute to achieving the SDGs. While Poland has embraced the SDGs in national strategies, there is ongoing debate about how effectively these goals are incorporated into R&I policies, both at the national and regional levels. National Science Policy (PNP) aims to create conditions for conducting scientific research and development work and to facilitate access to high-quality education for future generations. The priorities set out in this document will also have an impact on coherence, synergy, and development of international cooperation in the higher education and science system. The State Science Policy is the basis for implementing the state's strategic and development programmes. The State Science Policy must promote the role of science and higher education, which will contribute to raising their prestige and increasing public confidence in the results of scientific research. |
| Portugal | Portugal is currently immersed in vibrant policy debates on how research and innovation (R&I) can address pressing societal challenges, particularly those tied to the green and digital transitions, demographic changes, and post-pandemic recovery. One of the central discussions revolves around aligning national strategies, such as the National Digital Strategy, with broader EU initiatives like the Digital Decade 2030 programme, ensuring that they prioritise inclusion, sustainability, and responsible innovation. Policymakers, industry leaders, and academic institutions are actively exploring how R&I investments can simultaneously enhance competitiveness and contribute to long-term sustainability and social cohesion. Key themes include fostering innovation and entrepreneurship, strengthening collaborations between science and industry, and advancing net-zero emissions through sustainable energy systems and environmentally conscious practices. Another prominent debate concerns the governance and inclusiveness of STI policy. There is growing pressure for more participatory and transparent decision-making, especially in the allocation of EU and national funds. The ambitious target of reaching 3% R&D intensity by 2030 has sparked discussions on how to double public and quadruple private R&D investment. These debates may reflect a broader shift toward a mission-oriented approach to R&I, emphasising anticipatory governance, improved foresight, and stronger science-policy interfaces. Portugal has made significant strides in integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into STI policy. The SDGs are explicitly considered in public policy formulation and planning instruments, with particular emphasis on SDGs 4 (Quality Education), 5 (Gender Equality), 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 10 (Reduced Inequalities), 13 (Climate Action), and 14 (Life Below Water). The National Reform Programme 2023 references SDGs in the context of a digital society, creativity, and innovation, linking them to initiatives in higher education, R&D investment, and support for start-ups. Other initiatives such as the FCT’s Scientific Employment Stimulus and the Atlantic International Research Centre further demonstrate Portugal’s commitment to sustainable development through science and innovation, even when SDGs are not explicitly named. The emergence of the defence area, and the integration of defence and security into STI policy are also crucial aspects, given the expected societal impacts and challenges in terms of military operations and critical infrastructure, escalation of conflicts in fragile states and regions, and environmental sustainability in the defence sector, as a key contribution to increase national resilience. There is growing attention to dual-use innovation (civil and military), in the context of the European Defence Industrial Strategy and NATO initiatives, with emphasis on integrating disruptive technologies—such as artificial intelligence, semiconductors, and cybersecurity—into strategic sectors like defence, space, health, and energy. The National Smart Specialisation Strategy (ENEI 2030) and the National Semiconductor Strategy are examples of policies aiming to align scientific and technological capabilities with market opportunities, promoting an evidence-based and entrepreneurial discovery approach. |
| Republic of Moldova | The main policy debates on how research and innovation (R&I) can address societal challenges focus on integrating the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into national science, technology, and innovation (STI) strategies. A key issue under discussion is the alignment of the national research agenda with urgent societal needs, including climate change mitigation, public health, social inequality reduction, and the transition to a green and digital economy. As awareness of the SDGs grows among policymakers and the research community, stakeholders such as public institutions, researchers, and international partners are calling for a clearer alignment between Moldova’s STI policies and its global sustainability commitments. Another significant area of debate is the move towards more cross-sectoral and impact-driven approaches in STI policy design and implementation. There is a growing demand for publicly funded research to be more responsive to community needs through applied projects in areas like sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, inclusive education, and healthcare. Discussions are also ongoing about introducing SDG-related indicators into the evaluation of research outcomes and establishing better inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms to embed STI into broader national development strategies. Within this context, Moldova’s research and innovation programmes are gradually evolving to serve not only economic competitiveness but also long-term social transformation, in line with international development goals. |
| Romania | The significance of science and research for society cannot be overstated, and there is a pressing need to enhance the public's understanding of the importance of investing in these areas. Despite their crucial role in driving competitiveness and sustaining economic growth, the justification for funding science, research, and innovation has not been fully articulated. A comprehensive public debate should be initiated in all major cities, with active participation from national, regional, and social media. This debate would focus on the implementation of the National Strategy for Research, Innovation and Smart Specialisation 2022-2027 (SNCISI) and promote the vision of 'science for society'. Such an initiative would help to amplify the voices of stakeholders and underscore the relevance of research and innovation (R&I) activities. National RTOs are strongly encouraged to participate into HE missions engaging society and citizens. A concrete example includes a collaborative project with the OECD that national RDA Association in Romania has recently implemented (among its outcomes: Regional Innovation Agencies). This initiative sought to emphasise the largely untapped potential of community participation in innovation, particularly harnessing the creativity of young individuals. The National RDI Plan 2022 – 2027 will continue to target, in its second half of the agenda, the specific programme dedicated to “Science and Society”. To further engage the public and foster research democratisation, enable citizen participation in data collection and collaborative research, citizen science platforms have been developed by some major universities: Babeș-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca and West University of Timișoara. Additionally, to enhance the performance of the R&I system, it is essential to improve the predictability of funding. This improvement will foster trust and ensure alignment between strategic intentions and their practical implementation. High levels of instability are detrimental to any research and innovation system. It is therefore critical that all elements within this tiered system are committed and well-coordinated. Existing bodies must ensure a consistent and coherent promotion and coordination of the R&I system, which includes the SNCISI, European Union Cohesion Policy funds, and the EC-backed National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNNR). Furthermore, the specific RDI national legislation and the national legislation targeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are designed to complement each other. For example, the 5th specific objective of the Action Plan for implementing the National Strategy for Sustainable Development 2030, approved by Government Decision no. 754/2022, explicitly mentions the need to strengthen the RDI system. This strengthening aims to consolidate the capacity to develop evidence-based public policies dedicated to sustainable development. |
| Serbia | Serbia is strongly committed to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and has developed the first Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Roadmap for the SDGs based on the smart specialisation approach. This initiative has been supported by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre and UNIDO, leading to the inclusion of an SDGs component in the Smart Specialisation Strategy Serbia (4S). The roadmap does not address all SDGs equally. It focuses on those goals that are directly or indirectly supported by the country’s identified smart specialisation priority areas: Food for the future, ICT, Future machine and production processes and Creative industries. The strategy's action plan and the pilot methodology developed as part of this process are considered best practices and have been included in the "Guidebook for the Preparation of Science, Technology, and Innovation for SDGs Roadmap" published jointly by the UN and European Commission.The STI Roadmap for the SDGs is now in the implementation phase. It was incorporated into the Smart Specialisation Strategy Serbia (4S) and its action plan. Strengthening the role of STI as key drivers for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remains a strategic priority, reflected in ongoing debates on how to better align national research efforts with the SDGs. Furthermore, following an initiative led by Serbia, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Resolution on the International Decade of Science for Sustainable Development (2024–2033). This initiative positions Serbia as an active contributor to strengthening the role of STI in advancing sustainable development globally and further reinforces national efforts to integrate sustainability goals into research and innovation policy design and implementation. |
| Slovak Republic | No responses have been provided in 2025. |
| Slovenia | The Resolution on the Slovenian Scientific Research and Innovation Strategy 2030 provides a strategic framework for addressing societal challenges, including the twin transition. The Smart Specialisation Strategy S5 and its priority areas focus on sustainability, aiming for a green transition of the economy and society. This approach embodies "smart directionality", notably through the integration of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) in various sectoral policies. New instruments are being developed to tackle the twin transition, which includes digitalisation, low-carbon technologies, and the circular economy. These are a major focus of the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Additionally, new European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF)-funded collaborative projects between Public Research Organisations (PROs) and the business sector will further support the green transition, aligning with the Smart Specialisation Strategy. The Training and Carbon-Free Technologies Centre in Trbovlje, co-funded by the Just Transition Fund, forms part of a thematic ecosystem in the fields of batteries and hydrogen. Moreover, the establishment of the Institute of Chemistry's Biomass Biorefinery Laboratory, also financed by the Just Transition Fund, holds significant potential for future biorefinery advancements. Broader strategic documents such as the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan and the Slovenian Industrial Strategy also include STI-related components, highlighting the pervasive role of innovation across multiple sectors. The Slovenian Development Strategy and Industrial Strategy align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), setting objectives for the economy’s transition towards a green, creative, and smart economy. Addressing societal challenges requires a shift in thinking and operations across all areas. Innovative thinking at all stages has become essential. Without a structural restoration towards sustainable, inclusive, and regionally balanced development, these goals will remain unattainable. Slovenia must seize the opportunity provided by European funds to secure the necessary investments in research and development, innovation, digitalisation, education, and training for future professions. This approach is crucial to harnessing the potential of the fourth industrial revolution. |
| South Africa | The Department of Science, Technology and Innovation (DSTI) actively supports the creation of an innovation ecosystem with a broader geographical reach. This is evident in the implementation of programmes such as “Regional Innovation Support and Innovation” and “Innovation for Local Economic Development”. These initiatives are integral to policy discussions that aim to enhance understanding of Provincial Growth and Development as well as Local Economic Development (LED) strategies. Furthermore, they contribute innovative methods to the Integrated Development Planning processes. To meet our climate commitments and Sustainable Development Goals, it is essential that these sectors incorporate circular economy principles to facilitate a just transition to a low-carbon economy. In an effort to promote LED, the DSTI provides essential support to local governments, enabling them to spearhead innovation-driven local economic development. This involves supplying human resources to assist in strategic planning and attracting investments from National System of Innovation (NSI) institutions. Such efforts are crucial in bolstering local systems of innovation and production, thereby strengthening the overall infrastructure. |
| Spain | Technological innovation is increasingly recognized as a crucial element that permeates the entire economy, capable of addressing major socioeconomic challenges and enhancing prosperity. However, the social impact of technological innovation, particularly in fields such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and automation, is a subject of intense debate. Concerns about the risks associated with these technologies underscore the need for greater openness, improved transparency, and the establishment of an accountability framework based on socially responsible innovation. The Energy transition, digitalisation, and decarbonisation are key action vectors for the Spanish economy, targeting social, economic, and environmental challenges as outlined in the strategic agenda of the European Union and Spain, all within the framework of the 2030 Agenda. These efforts are characterised by a cross-cutting focus on inclusion, a gender perspective, and the development of socially responsible technology. The Action Plan for the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda in Spain highlights scientific and technical research as a critical policy lever to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The first goal of the Spanish Science, Technology, and Innovation Strategy (EECTI 2021-2027) specifically focuses on leveraging the Spanish RDI system to meet the SDGs. Within these goals, addressing the demographic challenge is crucial for Spain, impacting the workforce, social security system, and the care sector. Science, technology, and innovation are vital in maintaining productivity with a smaller workforce and in developing treatments and technologies that reduce the fragility of dependent individuals, support the social and care economy, and alleviate pressure on healthcare services. In this context, open science, science for public policy, communication and dissemination of science, global science, and science for democracy are seen as fundamental pillars. These efforts aim to promote the valorisation of knowledge for society, improve decision-making, and generate public value. |
| Sweden | The integration of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy in Sweden is evident in various strategic aspects such as programme targeting, design, criteria for project evaluations, and the monitoring and evaluation of initiatives. The most recent National STI Bill from 2024 clearly articulates this integration with its primary motives for the forthcoming four years: "The basis for the investments presented in the bill is excellence, internationalisation, and innovation. The aim is for the investments to provide conditions for research and innovation environments of the highest quality, a high degree of responsible internationalisation, and for research to address societal problems and the need for strengthened competitiveness, both today and in the future." The bill also emphasises the societal relevance of research, which can contribute to quality, and underscores the fundamental role of internationalisation in achieving excellence and quality in both research and education. The UN's recently adopted future pact further highlights the need to promote science and technology, recognising that the knowledge generated is relevant not only for Sweden but also for other countries. It acknowledges that in a world where societal problems are increasingly complex and technology is advancing rapidly, progress in multiple areas is required to address these challenges effectively. In response to the rapidly changing geopolitical context and the competitive landscape of STI, national security, technological sovereignty, and the fossil-free electrification of society and industry have emerged as critical societal challenges. This shift is reflected in the STI Bill and the Energy Bill. Mission-orientation and addressing societal challenges are central driving mechanisms in large programmes' targeting and design. This approach is evident in various programme initiatives, such as Impact Innovation, launched in 2022 and designed to drive strategic innovation programmes in collaboration between Vinnova, the Swedish Energy Agency, and Formas. Sweden's active participation in the EU's five missions, particularly in the EU City Mission through the Strategic Innovation Programme Viable Cities, showcases significant governance innovations. These include City Climate Contracts, which connect city governance to national governance and Net Zero City processes within the EU City Mission. Sweden also plays an active role in the EU Cancer Mission, mobilising efforts through the "Zero Vision Cancer" framework, and is engaged in the other three EU Missions, albeit to a lesser extent than the City Mission and Cancer Mission. Challenge-oriented research is integrated into numerous programmes and initiatives, with 13 national research programmes being particularly significant. These programmes, based on national research agendas, have a duration of 10 years and contribute to addressing specific challenges. Overall, the integration of the SDGs into STI policy in Sweden is demonstrated through mission-oriented initiatives, challenge-oriented research programmes, and active participation in EU missions. These approaches prioritise and address societal challenges and drive sustainable development through targeted STI interventions. |
| Switzerland | Switzerland, in keeping with its constitutional framework, recognises the relevance of sustainable development and seeks to support its promotion where appropriate. In September 2015, Switzerland, along with all UN member states, adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This commitment led to the adoption of 17 sustainable development goals at both national and international levels. Building on this commitment, the Federal Council introduced the Sustainable Development Strategy 2030 (SDS 2030) in June 2021. This strategy sets clear guidelines for integrating sustainable development across all government policies. It also calls on cantons, municipalities, civil society, industry, and the education, research, and innovation sectors to collaborate in advancing these objectives. Sustainable development is a transversal theme of the latest Dispatch on Education, Research and Innovation for 2025-2028. Consequently, ERI institutions aim to further reinforce education, research, and innovation as catalysts for sustainable development. This is achieved through various instruments, measures, and activities that have been implemented or are planned for the future. The Swiss Confederation and the cantons coordinate efforts to integrate Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) into the national education system. ESD is considered at all levels of education, including vocational and professional education and training, higher education, and continuing education. In the promotion of research and innovation, sustainable development is taken into account in several key initiatives. For example, it is a focus in the National Research Programmes and the National Centres of Competence in Research, both launched by the Federal Council. Additionally, Switzerland participates in several international research infrastructures that address sustainable development issues. |
| Thailand | Thailand recognizes the critical importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a foundation for long-term national development. This commitment is reflected in both the 20-Year National Strategy (2018-2037) and the 13th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2023–2027). The 20-Year National Strategy is the country’s long-term blueprint to position Thailand as a developed country with security, prosperity, and sustainability, in accordance with the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy. In alignment, the 13th Plan, serves as a key mechanism for translating the 20-year National Strategy into action, providing a strategic framework for shaping development agendas across ministries and sub-national levels. The Plan is underpinned by four core principles: the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, Resiliency, the SDGs, and the Bio-Circular-Green Economy (BCG) Model. Declared a national agenda in 2021, the BCG Model serves as a central policy framework to drive progress towards the SDGs. It is structured around four strategic pillars: promoting the sustainable use of biological resources, strengthening communities and the grassroots economy, enhancing the competitiveness of Thai BCG industries through sustainable practices, and building resilience to global challenges. The National BCG Policy Board, chaired by the Prime Minister and comprising key ministers, facilitates inter-ministerial coordination to advance this sustainability agenda. In alignment with national priorities, MHESI integrates the SDGs into the Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation Policy and Strategy (2023–2027). The third strategic pillar of this policy focuses specifically on advancing social and environmental sustainability. Flagship SDG-focused programs outlined in the Science, Research and Innovation Plan (2023–2027) address key challenges such as an aging society, poverty and inequality, local economic development, and carbon neutrality. MHESI is actively addressing social inequality and poverty through a multi-dimensional approach that leverages data, innovation, and inclusive economic development. The Border City Development and Economic Corridor initiative promotes collaborative economies in border areas by uniting the public and private sectors, academia, civil society, and local communities to create jobs, strengthen supply chains, and foster social enterprises for people living in the border areas, particularly for marginalized groups. The Learning and Innovation Platform empowers communities at the sub-district level through participatory development, encouraging local innovators to tackle challenges with appropriate technologies while advancing grassroots and circular economy principles. Additionally, the Thai People Map and Analytics Platform (TPMAP) enables data-driven, targeted poverty alleviation by integrating household data on human, economic, natural, physical, and social capital to design tailored solutions. Beyond identifying and enrolling poor individuals in welfare programs, TPMAP involves local universities and communities in co-developing strategies to strengthen grassroots economies. Capacity-building programs for skill development and enterprise promotion have been rolled out, supporting long-term, sustainable poverty eradication. In 2023, MHESI established the Thailand Academy for Area Collaboration, Innovation, and Transformation (TACIT) under the Programme Management Unit on Area Based Development (PMU A). TACIT serves as a knowledge management hub and catalyst for area-based development. It is designed to form a nationwide network with universities to translate knowledge and innovation into practical applications that strengthen local development and enhance the grassroots economy. The strategy aims to alleviate poverty and expand access to education and technology to support career advancement. TACIT comprises five specialized institutes: the Cultural Capital Management Institute, which focuses on transforming local cultural assets into innovative cultural products and services to stimulate the local economy; the Local Economy Development Institute, which promotes the use of local resources to build the local economy, generate employment, and ensure equitable income distribution, and will establish a Local Economy Business Platform to provide coaching and consulting for local entrepreneurs; the Poverty Alleviation and Social Mobility Enhancement Institute, which expands MHESI’s targeted poverty alleviation program, piloted in 20 provinces, using a data-driven, knowledge-based, and participatory approach, engaging all relevant sectors to identify individuals in poverty, integrate them into the government welfare system, and provide skill development for improved employment opportunities; the City Development Institute, which supports urban development through participatory systems, data infrastructure, social impact funding, social and solidarity enterprise programs, and leadership development initiatives; and the Local Government Capacity Building Institute, which prepares local governments for long-term development by building capacity and establishing systems in key areas such as digital transformation, public finance and resource management, knowledge and technology transfer, public-private partnerships and social enterprises, and public participation. Sustainable production and consumption are vital to minimizing environmental impacts. MHESI supports this through initiatives such as a circular design course, adapted from the Dutch organization CIRCO to suit the needs of Thai enterprises, and the development of Green Enterprise Indicators (GEI), promoting the adoption of circular economy and green business practices. The Sustainable Manufacturing Centre (SMC) has supported the transformation of Thai industry towards Industry 4.0, promoting the use of automation, robotics, and intelligent systems to enhance resource efficiency and optimize operations. |
| Türkiye | The "Competitive Production through Green and Digital Transformation" chapter of the 12th Development Plan, along with the recently released 2030 Industry and Technology Strategy (2025-2030), forms the basis for STI policy in Türkiye. These documents emphasise the importance of knowledge production, R&D, and innovation ecosystems in enhancing value-added production and supporting high-tech sectors, while aiming to achieve SDGs, particularly the SDG 7, Affordable and Clean Energy, SDG 9, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure and SDG 13, Climate Action. STIPC has prepared technology roadmaps for national initiatives in areas such as fusion technologies, digital agriculture, saltwater treatment, critical and strategic raw materials, and hyperloop transportation. Further roadmaps are being prepared for disaster management, intelligent transportation systems, wind energy systems, concentrated thermal solar energy systems, and carbon capture, utilisation, and storage technologies. The 12th Development Plan of Türkiye (2024-2028) prioritises the development of a production ecosystem that is environmentally friendly, disaster-resilient, and based on high value-added technologies. The plan emphasises the need to enrich qualified R&D human resources and enhance the innovation capabilities of the private sector for green and digital transformation. It further calls for the acceleration of green transformation in the manufacturing sector and digital transformation in service sectors. It also highlights critical technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Quantum Technologies, Cybersecurity, Advanced Materials, Robotics, Micro/Nano/Opto-electronics and Chips, Biotechnology, Hydrogen Technologies, Genome Editing, and Next-Generation Nuclear Reactors. These technologies are identified as enablers for achieving SDGs, addressing global challenges such as climate change and energy transition, and supporting Türkiye’s long-term economic and social development. The 2030 Industrial and Technology Strategy is aligned with the vision of the National Technology Initiative, which aims to develop Türkiye's domestic and national production capacity, ensure its independence in strategic sectors, and achieve leadership in critical technologies. This strategy focuses on transforming Türkiye's industrial and technological ecosystem into a structure that produces higher added value, is focused on innovation, and has completed its digital and green transformation. It is structured around the necessity to increase domestic and national production capacity in high-technology areas defined as priorities, particularly in defence, artificial intelligence, chip/semiconductor, pharmaceutical, medical device, mobility, and renewable energy technologies. Lastly, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change, and Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Türkiye have strategies and activities related to the country's commitments to the UN's SDGs. Each thematic ministry has its own strategy and research centres to develop technologies that will enable Türkiye to contribute to the SDGs. These ministries also provide RDI support in their relevant technology areas. |
| Ukraine | Recent events in Ukraine have highlighted the uncertain and turbulent times we live in. The challenges posed by a global pandemic, military actions, and the demand for economic restoration at global, national, and especially regional levels can only be resolved through science, new technologies, and innovative management methods. In 2023, the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) approved the Roadmap of Science, Technology, Innovation (STI) for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets. This roadmap, prepared as part of Ukraine's commitments to the UN under the Global Pilot Programme for the development of STI roadmaps to achieve the SDGs, is seen as a crucial instrument for the comprehensive and effective accomplishment of the SDGs. It aims for a resilient and sustainable recovery of the country's economy and society post-conflict, leveraging existing international methodologies and aligning national steps towards achieving SDGs with STI activities at both national and regional levels. The government's strategic documents on STI focus on fostering effective interaction between science, education, and industry to develop innovative activities and advance high-tech sectors. These documents also emphasise the introduction of energy-efficient and resource-saving technologies. However, the integration of these tasks into all sectoral strategic documents is insufficient, complicating the country's adaptation to rapid technological changes and environmental challenges, especially given the reorientation of the R&D sector towards defence needs. Additionally, the business community has developed a draft strategy for Industry 4.0, highlighting a collaborative effort towards innovation. In 2024, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved an updated list of national targets for achieving the SDGs until 2030, which considers the current challenges related to military activities and their consequences. Furthermore, the Bill "On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine Regarding the Renewal of the System of Priority Areas in Scientific, Scientific-Technical, and Innovation Activities" was developed. This legislation aims to update the priority areas in these fields to ensure national security, competitiveness of production, sustainable development, and improved quality of life. The dual funding model introduced by this law includes baseline funding for higher education and research institutions based on state accreditation results, and competitive funding allocated based on defined priorities. The draft has undergone public discussion and has been sent to the respective public authorities for consideration. The MES of Ukraine has also introduced a new mechanism for state procurement of R&D to address high-tech challenges in defence, security, economy, and civil sectors. This includes expanded oversight by ten ministries and public authorities, the introduction of development supervisors representing customers and end users, increased funding with a maximum of EUR 238 thousand per R&D project, a fully online competitive selection process through the National Electronic Scientific Information System, and an enhanced evaluation procedure that combines detailed expert evaluation with an additional assessment stage by an independent expert group. This process includes a pitch presentation involving a customer representative and opportunities for co-financing from enterprises of all sizes. The Strategy for the Digital Development of Innovation Activities in Ukraine until 2030 outlines a comprehensive vision and specific steps to strengthen the innovation ecosystem in Ukraine. It focuses on effective regulation, opening new markets, and prioritising key development areas such as Defence Tech, MedTech, AgriFoodTech, XR, AUV, BioTech, GreenTech, AI, Semiconductors, Secure Cyberspace, Fluid Economy, and EdTech. This strategy will enable entrepreneurs to create innovative products with added value in Ukraine, helping to overcome internal challenges associated with the war, restore the quality of life, and address social issues. |
| United Kingdom | The UK's engagement in international Science and Technology (S&T) is pivotal, fostering partnerships that drive growth, innovation, and address global societal challenges, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through international collaborations with governments, industry, and academia, the UK enhances its S&T capabilities. These partnerships allow the UK to influence the global technology landscape, embedding values that ensure technology is open, responsible, secure, and resilient. The commitment extends to shaping the global governance of technologies and strengthening science cooperation through platforms such as the G7, G20, and the United Nations Global Digital Compact. Participation in Horizon Europe, the world's largest research cooperation programme, is facilitated through our association, benefiting UK researchers and businesses. Additionally, the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF) supports UK researchers and innovators in collaborating internationally on critical themes such as Planet, Health, Talent, and Technologies, fostering potential and prosperity. The UK International Climate Finance (ICF) is instrumental in fulfilling commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement, aiding developing countries in adopting green-growth pathways. This includes initiatives to access clean energy, reduce deforestation, protect nature, develop green infrastructure, and enhance climate adaptation and resilience. Simultaneously, the rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities presents significant opportunities. AI is poised to become a major tool for the government, particularly in achieving broad-based economic growth. The UK aims to guide the AI revolution based on principles of shared economic prosperity, enhanced public services, and expanded personal opportunities. AI is expected to drive economic growth, benefit working people by improving healthcare and education, and transform how citizens interact with their government. Furthermore, as AI becomes more prevalent in the workplace, it should create new opportunities rather than merely disrupt existing employment patterns. |